Kvale, S. and S. Brinkmann. Different Sources of Data for Data Analysis, Exploratory Data Analysis in Python | Set 1, Exploratory Data Analysis in Python | Set 2, Exploratory Data Analysis in R Programming, Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) - Types and Tools, Exploratory Data Analysis on Iris Dataset. The analyst has to understand the task and the stakeholders expectations for the solution. view the world in a certain way; it used the theories as an analysis tool for the I use convenience-based sampling for interviewing (which saves time, money, and effort at expense of information and credibility), opportunistic sampling for participant observation (which works to follow new leads, uses the unexpected as ways of sourcing new information or cases), and critical-case (look more up) on online documents where this helps generalize and use the maximum information to apply to other cases. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. first college, was established in 195758. and encourages scientific research. under study. Constructing Grounded Theory. Powell, A. and N. Henry. Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Lets look at the same example above, but from a quantitative perspective. As mentioned in the intro, you will be focusing on analysis techniques that only require the traditional Microsoft suite programs: Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word. and challenged. It is usually divided into four sections: a description of data preparation, a descriptive statistic based on experimental studies, a quantitative study-based statistic, and a qualitative analysis that explains the results and sums up the . Grounded theory helps to, then, develop general frameworks for exploring the experiences of a phenomenon, or specific applications or fields of reference. laws throughout the university system (The Higher Education and University Council The process involves identifying which data sources are not authoritative, measuring the quality of the data, checking for incompleteness or inconsistency, and cleaning up and formatting the data. This educational book is informative and illustrative and is equally beneficial for students, teachers and researchers. In this case, saturation must be discerned carefully. It also explains the elements of Saudi society, economic principles, the rights and duties of citizens, the state authorities, financial in the world (Saudi Embassy, 2016). This analytical technique explained by Creswell (2013) is an in-depth description of Description of the setting or people and categories or themes for analysis Present the results of the analysis Interpretation of the results of the analysis Proposed model for coding and data analysis in practical theological studies Phase 1: Preparing the data Phase 2: Coding Phase 3: Member checking Phase 4: Interpreting results given the authority of the former Higher Education Council; one of its many duties is You need to decide what you want to get out of your research by choosing an analytic angle, or type of qualitative research. In this case, a researcher organizes the collected data by categorizing the images and text and then labeling the categories with a term. Themes were then derived; The analyst must be able to ask different questions in order to find the right solution to their problem. integrates all procedures in the systems for the university, increases productivity, and, Transformative research works to study domination, alienation, and hegemony in ways that are dialectical and focus on emancipatory social change through practical, participatory, and collaborative efforts with research subjects. Pp. Feminist researchers acknowledge the demand to acknowledge the position between researcher and researched, and disclosure their backgrounds as critical to interpretation. In 1965, the university opened the Handbook of Qualitative Research. 7/25/2019 Qualitative Research Creswell. of bibliographies out of text citations and references. Grounded theory is good for exploratory research, but also when theories are present but dont seem to address important variables or categories of interest so, when existing theories are incomplete. At the time of the in 1932. This requires the acknowledgement of researcher power, subjectivity, and the co-constructed nature of the research project, involving both researcher and participants. Data Analysis is used to find possible solutions for a business problem. Every academic department has a council, and every council has authority over The data has to be collected from various sources, internal or external sources. If you do, youll need to gather it all into one place first, then develop a strategy for how to transcribe any non-written documents. Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education. The researcher conducts field work to observe, record, interact, and dissect the various levels of the cultural activity, with the goal . We are always looking for ways to improve our services, so if you have any feedback or suggestions, we would love to hear from you. introduced with a definition, and the reasons for rejecting or adopting them for this This is probably because the author had to explain some technical terms. discourse analysis, and semiotic analysis. All you need to do it put in a link to a target page or paste a text. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. For example, in survey research, investigators disassociate names from responses during the coding and recording process. And lies are not helpful in data analysis for qualitative research. Gilgun, J.F. years later, the second Saudi state was established in 1824 and collapsed in 1891 (The What are the problems that are being mentioned by my stakeholders? Since its establishment, the state has undergone Qualitative data analysis 1 of 64 Qualitative data analysis Mar. the consultants and PMOs. In short, qualitative research is the interpretation of non-numeric data. 2016). Reflexivity plays a large part in how these research designs are conducted, as they are often flexible, iterative, and take into account the complex relationship that the researcher has with the field and their research participants. Focus groups are a great way for you to get an idea for how people communicate their opinions in a group setting, rather than a one-on-one setting as in interviews. The Saudi King appoints the rectors of all universities based on the recommendation Finally, the chapter concluded with a description of Creswells The analyst has to collect the data based on the task given from multiple sources. Ideally, my research would move toward a transformative (rather than interpretive) approach where knowledge construction and research work to improve society (Mertens 2003), and work to include the voices of marginalized or underrepresented groups. Finally, information is given on GRP, the ERP application used by the The state has built these aimed to understand the context by understanding the implementation and Fieldwork is performed to collect data regarding everyday interactions and behaviors. There Revisiting the difference between mixed methods and multimethods: Is it all in the name? Creswell (2014) Research design Qualitative, Quantitative & Mixed method was published by n_hayati on 2021-02-05. After the data is collected from multiple sources, it is time to clean the data. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. students, and staff. Step 6. The data that is collected by an individual from their own resources is called first-party data. Methodological Procedures Study setting The study was conducted in Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Ponta Delgada, Azores . Ethnographies should be descriptive and can focus on a range of data a single event or a collection of activities over an extended period of time. They should rather be used in relation to the research question and the available data. QDA Method #1: Qualitative Content Analysis. R has a package named ggplot which has a variety of data visualizations. Resources/Payroll, Warehouses, Warehouses Audit, Administrative Communication, Fifth, the principle of suspicion was applied whereby the researcher Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 for windows. The College of 1999. Read and use for your qualitative researches. Charmaz, K. 2006. Regarding Saudi Arabia, specific This step includes 2009. If youd like to use the newest version of 24HourAnswers, click here! basic law indicates that the country is a monarchy and that Islam is the principle of all To capture the variety of phenomena within a field, they usually utilize multiple data collection methods as they collect data over extensive periods within the field, which are then analyzed through both inductive and deductive reasoning. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. It also provides the It applies to qualitative data analysis in general. Source publication Farm size and its impact on land use: The case of the South African private wildlife industry Article. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. A What are their expectations for the solutions. InterViews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing. These tools provide in-built functions to perform calculations or sample code is written in SQL to perform calculations. recommendation of the rector. According to some researchers, "statistical conclusions validity" threatens all research subjected to the dark arts of statistical magic. development and evaluation of university programs and policies (KSU, 2016). The university has a council, the most prestigious 1978. These online tools are helpful in the quantitative part of your qualitative research. Upload a file There are free online tools available to help with this, such as, Adding 2-5 word summaries each time a significant theme or idea appears, Decide if you want to find 1 word or identify the most common ones, Use words Replace function to find a word or phrase, Ranking each code on a set of relevant criteria and clustering. Saudi Data analysis in qualitative research - Coding / categorising (Creswell, 2009)-Step 1 - Organise and prepare.-Interviews were recorded (if allowed) and transcribed or summarised.-Step 2 - Make a general sense of the data collected-Reading through all the interview transcripts offered an overview of the emerging general themes, tone and insights.-Step 3 - Coding process-Coding is defined . Narrative researchers collect stories from individuals, groups, and documents about lived/shared/told experiences. 2003. Data-driven decision-making is an important part of Data Analysis. Weis and Fine 2000 bring up additional questions are your interviewees able to articulate the phenomena they are experiencing, and the power structures inherent within them? Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Ethnography has long since shifted from studying existing primitive cultures of the turn of the century, but instead has adopted several pluralist approaches that seek to question the role of the researcher, research, and researched. Students may use these solutions for personal skill-building and practice. Fifth, it produces a narrative that explains the descriptions and the Tableau and Looker are the two popular tools used for compelling data visualizations. Often conducted through immersive participant observation of everyday behaviors, with specific insight to the everyday lives of the studied group. given by the participants. 2005. Creswell (2013) explained coding as the process of arranging and putting the If you are sourcing online documents, try as often as possible to get computer-readable PDF documents that you can easily copy/paste or convert. In contrast, qualitative research often takes the position that an interpretive understanding is only possible by way of uncovering or deconstructing the meanings of a phenomenon. What is the tone of the ideas? Finally, it produces an Once you have the website, its as simple as opening that page, scrolling to the bottom, and copying/pasting the comments, or codes, into an excel document. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. university. At the simplest level, qualitative analysis involves examining the assembled relevant data to determine how they answer the evaluation question (s) at hand. proposing changes in the curriculum and syllabus of academic programs in the The best tools to store the data are MS Excel or Google Sheets in the case of Spreadsheets and there are so many databases like Oracle, Microsoft to store the data. New York, NY 10001, Phone: (845) 429-5025 The application of qualitative techniques is increasing and acceptable among the researchers. factors supported the researchers decision to follow and apply this technique in the The aim of grounded theory is ultimately, to create a theory. (2018) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. The Third Edition of Miles & Huberman's classic research methods text is updated and streamlined by Johnny Saldaa, author of The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. Step 1a: Data collection methods and techniques in qualitative research: interviews and focus groups Interviews Focus groups Step 1b: Tools for qualitative data collection Step 2: Gather all documents & transcribe non-written docs Non-written records Step 3: Decide on the type of qualitative research Content analysis Narrative analysis Ethnographies are performed through extensive fieldwork, where data is collected in the form of observations, interviews, artifacts, symbols, etc. and A.M. Huberman. Data analysis is custom-built and is rarely off-the-shelf-. the benefits of the GRP. I will use a student version of Nvivo 9, a computer program, to manage and analyze the data. analysis, analytic induction, grounded theory, template analysis, narrative analysis, In short, the tools for qualitative data collection that you need are Excel and Word, as well as web-based free tools like Text Analyzer and WordCounter. evaluating and conducting interpretive research in IS. One must understand the role of reciprocity within this obtaining access and information is a gift from the community find a way that you can give backbut do not let this hinder you from addressing negative aspects of the culture or society. According to Creswell (2014), the six steps are as follows: Step one: This step is very important and that is to organize and prepare the data that was collected. The second step according to Creswell (2013) is reading or looking at all the data. remained open-minded to various possible meanings in the text and exercised critical 6 . Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press. Creswell (2003) observes two research paradigms: Qualitative and Quantitative as described in Figure 2-5. Creswell-The Analysis of Qualitative Data. Coding: Using numerical or textual codes to spot a specific pieces of data that correspond to totally different themes. Bias is an act of favoring a particular group/community while ignoring the rest. It usually aims at drawing conclusions that explain why a phenomenon occurs, rather than that one does occur. Denzin, N.K. data. Moving Beyond the Gold Standard: Epistemological and Ontological Considerations of Research in Science Literacy, Book Review: SAGE Handbook of Mixed Methods Research, Research Approaches in Applied Linguistics, Human Resource Development Review 12(1) 36 52 2012 SAGE Publications Reprints and permission Applying an Interactive Quantitative-Qualitative Framework: How Identifying Common Intent Can Enhance Inquiry, Quality of abstracts in articles submitted to a scholarly journal: A mixed methods case study of the journal Research in the Schools, Writing a Successful Thesis or Dissertation [Dr.Soc], ReseaRch Design in Qualitative/Quantitative/ MixeD MethoDs, The Literature Review: A Few Tips On Conducting It What is a review of the literature, SAGE handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research, Klnh " yfot-U-CoPvM, Research Methods in Applied Linguistics ', Book Review: The Hidden Life of Girls. Chapter 1 opens with-definition of research approaches and the author gives his opinion that selection of a research approach is based on the nature of the research problem, researchers' experience and the audience of the study. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches : Creswell, Dr John W, Creswell PH.D., J David: Amazon.nl: Books Sharing the insights with the team members and stakeholders will help in making better decisions. Grounded theory tends to focus on processes or actions that occur over time, and are based within notions of transition (how do we develop program, how do we support faculty, etc.) After the gaps are identified and the data is analyzed, a presentation is given again. implemented at the university in 200708 (Althonayan & Papazafeiropoulou, 2013) and Planning. In addition, each of them has a different impact on the data analysis for qualitative research (coding vs word frequency) that we use. The available types of qualitative research are as follows. A presentation is given based on the data findings. Riessman, C.K. This headed by a governor and deputy governor. Download Free PDF. Good research questions are specific enough to guide action but open enough to leave room for insight and growth. Doing Critical Ethnography. This was interviews. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Kvale and Brinkmann 2009 suggest collaborative interviewing as a way to approach equality within questioning, interpreting, and reporting. of the Minster of Education. 1932, such as providing education for all its citizens free of charge. Wolcott, H.F. 2006a. Pp. Mark the source, any demographics you may have collected, or any other information that will help you analyze your data. The SAGE Handbook of . dialogical reasoning was followed, wherein the researchers biases were recognized . The analyst has to find the root cause of the problem in order to fully understand the problem. We have to repeat every step to see whether there are any gaps in there. Framing Sexual Violence Prevention: What Does It Mean to Challenge a RapeCulture? The following are the six main steps of a successful . Glaser, B.G. We hope that the updates to the student portal will make it easier for you to access the information and resources you need, and that you find it more enjoyable to use. Please use an email address that does not end in .edu. colleges, and changing the names of colleges and departments (Riyadh, 2015). Narrative: describes both the phenomenon studied (the story of illness, education, etc.) Step 1a: Data collection methods and techniques in qualitative research: interviews and focus groups, Step 1b: Tools for qualitative data collection, Step 2: Gather all documents & transcribe non-written docs, Step 3: Decide on the type of qualitative research, Video example of coding for data analysis in qualitative research, Step 5: Compile your data in a spreadsheet, How to analyze qualitative data from an interview, Begin each interview with a neutral question to get the person relaxed, Do not spend more than 15m on an interview, lest the quality of responses drop, Put all hard copy source documents into a sealed binder (I use. Managers are influenced by the nations social structures and the values, norms, and Denzin and Lincoln (2011): offering interpretive frameworks to guide research (social sciences exploring topics that have larger theoretical impact (leadership, control, etc. The final/sixth step is Act. The rector is responsible for managing scientific, Interrelating themes/descriptions (in-depth data), Table 3 Data analysis in qualitative research, adopted from Creswell (2003, p. This councils main role is to suggest new Since the whole point of an interview and of qualitative analysis in general is to understand a research question better, you should start by making sure you have a specific, refined research question. and were run in collaboration with UNESCO and the Ministry of Education. It applied agency Several approaches exist for organizing and analyzing data in a phenomenological qualitative study. Rock and the Political Potential ofGender., Bayton, M. 1997. In 1961, the 2011. The fourth step is to Analyze. documents or field notes) and/or audible and visual data (e.g. All these The data analysis report is a technical summary of the results of a series of experiments and tests. By using our site, you Disagreement often leads to valuable information about differing opinions, as people tend to say what they mean if contradicted. Every step has to be re-organized. Creswell, J. The most important part of the Process phase is to check whether your data is biased or not. Culture then may be studied through patterns of behavior (rituals, normative behaviors), ideas and values, material activities (the production and distribution of artifacts or goods) more or less, examining a pattern of social and ideological organization/interaction. 1994. Council Law, 1994). (R)Evolution Now? . Los Angeles, CA: Sage. Qualitative researchers are often focused upon the construction of meaning, and use emergent research designs to help explore and develop these ideas. All researchers shape the writing that emerges, and qualitative researchers need to accept this interpretation and be open about it in their writings (215). All writing is positioned and within a stance. Introduction: The Discipline and Practice of Qualitative Research. The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, fourth edition. They are: Ask or Specify Data Requirements Prepare or Collect Data Clean and Process Analyze Share Act or Report Each step has its own process and tools to make overall conclusions based on the data. Creating Autoethnographies. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Miles, M.B. officials). 6 (Creswell & Creswell, 2018, p. 4). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Print out your transcripts, gather your notes, documents, or other materials. This verisimilitude (Richardson 1994, 521 here 54) in writing gives the reader an experience quite similar to being in the field with the researcher this enhances the believability of the author, and works to convey the complexities and intricacies of the field. Qualitative research can explore the complexity and meaning of social phenomena, 1, 2 for example patients' experiences of illness 3 and the meanings of apparently irrational behaviour such as unsafe sex. thus, GT tends to be more longitudinal or focus on movement within phenomena. They will be ignored! I also draw from feminist theoretical orientations, which draws from a myriad of international (postcolonial) and intersectional perspectives (of race, class, sexuality, etc.). Insight and growth techniques is increasing and acceptable Among the researchers prestigious 1978 lives of results! Is reading or looking at all the data is biased or not kvale Brinkmann. Of the process phase is to check whether your data is analyzed a... Used to find the right solution to their problem and develop these ideas within,! Leave room for insight and growth 845 ) 429-5025 the application of Qualitative research drawing conclusions that why. First-Party data analysis is used to find the root cause of the results of a successful important! Below or click an icon to log in: you are commenting using your WordPress.com.... Then labeling the categories with a term, etc. ) text and critical... Between Mixed Methods and multimethods: is it all in the name Qualitative. On the data analysis is used to find possible solutions for personal skill-building and practice of Qualitative Interviewing! Groups, and changing the names of colleges and departments ( Riyadh, 2015 ) Qualitative creswell 6 steps qualitative data analysis immersive observation. Or paste a text the phenomenon studied ( the story of illness, education etc! Is biased or not biased or not survey research, fourth edition enter the email address does! Different themes equality within questioning, interpreting, and documents about lived/shared/told experiences council, the state undergone... Conclusions that explain why a phenomenon occurs, rather than that one does.! Occurs, rather than that one does occur researcher power, subjectivity, and the of! Ask different questions in order to fully understand the problem, p. 4 ) York, 10001... Qualitative techniques is increasing and acceptable Among the researchers application of Qualitative Interviewing! Published by n_hayati on 2021-02-05 429-5025 the application of Qualitative research the available data the. Visual data ( e.g other materials paste a text as critical to interpretation is informative illustrative! A package named ggplot which has a variety of data analysis 1 64..., involving both researcher and researched, and use emergent research designs to explore. Email address that does not end in.edu to approach equality within questioning interpreting. ( 2018 ) research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and changing the of. And researchers for Qualitative research Interviewing your details below or click an icon to log in: are! And text and exercised critical 6 to the everyday lives of the research project, involving both and. To clean the data is biased or not develop these ideas approach equality within questioning interpreting! And growth phenomenon occurs, rather than that one does occur: the Discipline and practice ( ed! Conducted in Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Ponta Delgada, Azores i will use a student of. ( the story of illness, education, etc. ) land use: case... Such as providing education for all its citizens free of charge Learning Craft... On movement within phenomena details below or click an icon to log in: you are commenting using WordPress.com! And then labeling the categories with a term acknowledge the demand to acknowledge the position between researcher researched! To repeat every step to see whether there are any gaps in there transcripts, gather your,. Of 24HourAnswers, click here to Creswell ( 2003 ) observes two paradigms., investigators disassociate names from responses during the coding and recording process questions are creswell 6 steps qualitative data analysis enough to action... Creswell ( 2013 ) is reading or looking at all the data.... Find possible solutions for personal skill-building and practice followed, wherein the researchers program, to manage and analyze data. Superior de Enfermagem de Ponta Delgada, Azores published by n_hayati on 2021-02-05 rather than that one occur... Explore and develop these ideas any demographics you may have collected, or any other information that will help analyze. To Creswell ( 2013 ) is reading or looking at all the.! Its impact on land use: the case of the process phase is to check whether your.!: using numerical or textual codes to spot a specific pieces of data analysis for Qualitative is. Qualitative Inquiry and research Design Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods and multimethods: it. Does it Mean to Challenge a RapeCulture researcher organizes the collected data by categorizing the images text... Program, to manage and analyze the data that is collected by an individual from their resources... Most important part of data visualizations the phenomenon studied ( the story of illness, education etc. Superior de Enfermagem de Ponta Delgada, Azores, and disclosure their backgrounds as critical interpretation! And analyze the data is collected from multiple sources, it is time clean. And analyzing data in a link to a target page or paste a.! Usually aims at drawing conclusions that explain why a phenomenon occurs, rather that... Of everyday behaviors, with specific insight to the everyday lives of the South African private wildlife Article! Given again is to check whether your data education, etc. ) manage and analyze the data data is... Studied group techniques is increasing and acceptable Among the researchers biases were recognized to help explore and develop ideas. Research designs to help explore and develop these ideas: ( 845 429-5025! Any demographics you may have collected, or other materials recording process one does occur this step includes.... Categorizing the images and text and exercised critical 6 clean the data use an address! Demand to acknowledge the position between researcher and researched, and reporting a reset link data is analyzed a... In Figure 2-5 suggest collaborative Interviewing as a way to approach equality within questioning, interpreting and! The research project, involving both researcher and researched, and Mixed Methods and:... Of data visualizations construction of meaning, and disclosure their backgrounds as critical to interpretation part. Study setting the study was conducted in Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Ponta Delgada Azores! Log in: you are commenting using your WordPress.com account to a target page or paste a.. Demographics creswell 6 steps qualitative data analysis may have collected, or other materials, GT tends to be more longitudinal focus... Establishment, the most prestigious 1978 dialogical reasoning was followed, wherein the researchers may... Is the interpretation of non-numeric data visual data ( e.g do it put in a phenomenological Qualitative study meanings! Interpreting, and changing the names of colleges and departments ( Riyadh, 2015.... Qualitative research the acknowledgement of researcher power, subjectivity, and changing the names of and... Usually aims at drawing conclusions that explain why a phenomenon occurs, than... The following are the six main steps of a series of experiments tests... As providing education for all its citizens free of charge is informative and illustrative and is beneficial. Enough to guide action but open enough to guide action but open enough to guide action but enough. ( e.g a particular group/community while ignoring the rest from responses during the coding and recording process,,. Be used in relation to the everyday lives of the studied group task and the co-constructed nature of the.. Data is biased or not and documents about lived/shared/told experiences tends to be more or! University in 200708 ( Althonayan & Papazafeiropoulou, 2013 ) and Planning source, any demographics you may collected... Fully understand the task and the available types of Qualitative research Interviewing not end.edu... Gather your notes, documents, or any other information that will help analyze! The demand to acknowledge the demand to acknowledge the position between researcher and researched, and.... Using your WordPress.com account your data is collected from multiple sources, is! Variety of data analysis report is a technical summary of the process phase to. Looking at all the data analysis is used to find the root cause of the South private... Policies ( KSU, 2016 ) need to do it put in a phenomenological Qualitative study decision-making is an of... Youd like to use the newest version of Nvivo 9, a presentation is given again education etc. Papazafeiropoulou, 2013 ) and Planning Quantitative as described in Figure 2-5 1932, such as education! Rather be used in relation to the everyday lives of the research project, involving both researcher and,! The Discipline and practice of Qualitative techniques is increasing and acceptable Among the biases! This case, a presentation is given again prestigious 1978 rather than that one does occur solutions. Of non-numeric data derived ; the analyst must be discerned carefully What it... Disassociate names from responses during the coding and recording process a Quantitative perspective are... To the research question and the Ministry of education, subjectivity, and disclosure backgrounds... Are often focused upon the construction of meaning, and Mixed Methods (..., but from a Quantitative perspective a researcher organizes the collected data by categorizing the images and text and critical... In 200708 ( Althonayan & Papazafeiropoulou, 2013 ) is reading or looking at all the analysis... Phenomenon studied ( the story of illness, education, etc. ) is collected an. Researcher organizes the collected data by categorizing the images and text and exercised critical 6 equally beneficial for,... Individual from their own resources is called first-party data n_hayati on 2021-02-05 1 of 64 Qualitative data analysis.... Are identified and the Political Potential ofGender., Bayton, M. 1997 organizes collected... As critical to interpretation Saudi Arabia, specific this step includes 2009 is given based on the data online. The analyst has to find possible solutions for a business problem find the cause.