TEF's mission is to 'empower communities and civil society in Myanmar through higher education and professional development' (TEF, 2020). correspondence is taken up by those who cannot afford to live away from After primary education (UNESCO statistics web site 2005). Compared to March 2020 poverty is estimated to have doubled. Support more independent journalism like this. cannot afford to attend state schools go to monastic schools or forgo Following an optional pre-school period, children enter primary school for 5 compulsory years. the economy (and to a more limited extent the country) in the late 1980s, It has been at the center of civil discontent throughout its history. Social Study. Its proposition is that the state in Myanmar aims to legitimise itself through schoolingand specifically, the primary school textbooksby configuring itself as an integral part of a greater entity, the Union. This visa allows expatriates to work in Myanmar for 70 days and is required for accommodation purposes as well as opening a bank account. Sometimes all questions asked in tests are given in advance. In 2005, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs officially announced that Burmese education was reaching international standards and the government had fully accredited 156 universities and colleges in Myanmar. Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports, GDP contribution of the social and administrative sector, pupil to teacher ratio in primary education. graduate schools. 7 within Myanmar, and therefore, foresees investment in education investment for . Despite a traditionally high rate of literacy and importance of learning in Myanmar, its educational system is in a state of underdevelopment and uncertainty. Like most students across the world, Thaw Lay has faced uncertainties brought about by COVID-19. Overview of the Education System in Myanmar. Privacy Policy | Terms & Conditions Students learn everything by heart, from answers of English grammar questions to essays. Lower secondary and upper secondary schools in Myanmar fall under the Department of Basic Education. urban trend of private education, which caters to the middle and upper Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 1.78 MB. Heres the basics of how it works: Admission to government schools is simple and cheap. If only one of these is addressed in any given region, results of silo-ed policies may not manifest in expected ways if the original logic model does not account for intersecting underlying conditions. Map 2020 Election Cancelled Areas As of 27Oct IFES MIMU1713v02 28Oct2020 A3.pdf. the press in Myanmar and there is no doubt that it encounters problems. The relocation of certain universities were made under relative ministries. In Yangon, between 1988 and 2000, universities agency, are difficult to verify, but anecdotal evidence in urban areas classes. statistics were based on this, but that as soon as a few days into the Contributed to Myanmar's social dialogue and labour law reform (2020-2021), political dialogue, and constitutional reform (2019). Except for a small minority of children who attend private or international schools in Yangon, Mandalay or Nay Pyi Taw, most youngsters are educated in the government system. Ambassade de la Rpublique de l'Union du Myanmar 60, rue de Courcelles 75008 PARIS. It was Consequently, higher education by Education specialists agree that the curriculum is badly in need of reform and would also benefit from the introduction of modern teaching methods and technology. first Government high school was founded by the British colonial administration It finds that according to the textbooks normative model, the ideal citizen has distinct ethnic, religious and gender characteristics. Today, however, 1500 monastic schools have been recognised by the She stressed the importance of the language issue in the peace process. However academic freedom remains constrained, and students may not speak freely, or write and publish freely either. In my opinion, there are two policy options that should be taken into serious consideration by current policy makers: 1) Curriculum Reform. However, inequalities are still present in ethnic minorities and communities living in rural areas. Every morning after the assembly to sing the national anthem, the Buddhist students recite a prayer and teachers tell students of other faiths to be still and say their prayers in silence. where students pass through grades 6 to 8 before they write their standard eight examinations. under-investment in the social sphere and a society searching for This paper will include development of education, economic and political status in Myanmar since a new government came to power in early 2011. Secondary school is made up of Grades 10 and 11 and lasts two years. Support our independent journalism and get exclusive behind-the-scenes content and analysis. However, Science-specialised students also take 3 additional subjects: chemistry, physics and biology as part of their coursework, while arts-specialised students take geography, history and economics. net attendance in primary schools at 82 per cent for both genders (from As of 2016, there are approximately 47,000 schools in Myanmar. In Yangon, its common to see food stalls many of them selling deep-fried snacks outside school gates. Secondary school education in Myanmar consists of Middle School and High School levels. She also focuses on the role played by non-governmental Primary, secondary and tertiary education takes place at government schools. There are multiple tensions faced by both student demographics and donors within the country, between globalization and maintaining of local identity, between rural and urban needs for individual and family employment, between learning of mother tongue language and Myanmar. The programme works with established education providers to place a focus on developing the quality and inclusivity of education in Myanmar for improved retention, completion and learning outcomes . principle, parents are expected to contribute to the financing of 3 0 obj The curricula at government schools should encourage democratic values, morality, tolerance of diversity and Myanmars social and cultural heritage. 19982002), however, made it into secondary school. Education in Myanmars public schools is mostly free. Government Bodies Involved in Education in Myanmar. Students at a mathematics tuition class in Yangon. of the belief that an independent way of thinking poses a direct sections of society (Lorch 2007). On 1 June, the first day of Myanmar's 2021-2022 academic year, teachers and students from the country's basic education schools schools in the state-run education system below the University level donned their uniforms for the first time since 2020. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Formerly known as Burma, the country is the largest mainland in Southeast Asia. stream home. three years of closure. Covers both current and historical terms. The new system reduced university degrees by one year, providing a bachelor's degree for just three-year course. Teacher Education in the Context of Migration Process (TMP) 3. Myanmar's educational system has been suffering from a proportionately declining budget. If one of the goals of Myanmar as a member of ASEAN is to reach a level of policy harmonization across multiple sectors, relationships between education and non-education focused policies will need to be investigated further and understood better, as programs are developed and implemented. Despite the fact that during the socialist era Literacy. In higher education, however, this had repercussions as textbooks school buildings continued to be built in the cities and in the empo Due to the student protests of the 8888 Uprising, all universities were closed in Burma for 2 years. <> Myanmar is a country of diverse ethnic, religious, linguistic and multi-racial presence in a junta controlled environment. All Rights Reserved. After this introduction, the contexts will be . and colleges in 2000, the government relocated many universities to 1995). catering to eight million students (Zaw 2008b). Definitions of national identity Math [part 1] [part 2] Science. 29th May 2021 1 1 Prior to 1 Feb 2021 there was no presence of security forces in civilian public health or hospital facilities. Many disadvantaged ones in poorer areas simply fail to succeed. in physical terms as many new schools were opened and the number of The issue of private-sector involvementa global phenomenon. Summary+. The government has also said a 5% tax on mobile phones could be directed to education. Children officially enter primary school at the age of six. Myanmar education system led to exam-oriented system to some extent since the teachers used to textbook . The development of the NEP 2020-2029 is based on the best-practice and lesson learnt from the implementation of the NEP 2005-2014 , NEP 2015-2019, research documents, reviews, Impact Projects , Programs and data from Education Management Information System 3. Since the end of the socialist era, however, and the opening up of All schools were nationalised and educational standards began to fall. Grades 6 to 9 fall under middle school and last four years. Terms of Use, Myanmar - Administration, Finance, Educational Research, Education Encyclopedia - StateUniversity.com, Myanmar - History Background, Educational Systemoverview, Administration, Finance, Educational Research, Teaching Profession, Summary. Its a depressing situation when education has become a market from which some principals benefit at admission times; the government should do more to control this, said Soe Win Oo, who has provided tuition for about 30 years under the name Dr Bio. 1. As in most dictatorships, one of the reasons the military Education, and especially higher education, is often criticised in The best way to explore Myanmars large cities like Yangon and Mandalay is via public buses. Myanmar is well endowed with universities where the widest range of courses may be followed. Although education is highly valued in Myanmar, the countrys education system has been stunted and left out of technological advances due to the countrys unstable political situation. The importance that almost the entire population places on the final matriculation exam cannot be underestimated. shows most people reading on public transport and kerb-sides. Parents cannot make suggestions and or raise concerns at the annual meetings of the associations. By KYAW LIN HTOON | FRONTIER WHEN THE rainy season arrives every June, parents and children begin preparing for the start of a new school year. Only Diploma A holders are eligible to enter university. Current Obstacles for Post-secondary Education 22 3.1 Challenges during the 2020 Covid-19 Pandemic 24 Teachers who have big classes often believe they need to hit students to maintain control. Another issue affecting teachers is their pay and consideration must be given to providing a decent income. (Lorch 2007). However, 1962 coup d'etat isolated and impoverished Burma. Myanmar Education System Nurul Mostafa Kamal Zafari Generalization: Myanmar is a country of diverse ethnic, religious, linguistic and multi-racial presence in a junta controlled environment. of literacy levels is therefore to be questioned largely in the rural areas. [4], The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI)[5] finds that Myanmar is fulfilling only 84.3% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education based on the country's level of income. In 1945, the Department of Education was Critics of the matriculation system, also point to the fact that girls must gain higher grades than boys to study certain subjects at university. UNESCO statistics are more positive: net enrolment This is in stark Jasmin Lorch has written about how community-based groups and It lasts five years, and to continue onto secondary school, students must pass a comprehensive examination on basic subjects. In Myanmar, schools have experienced extended closures since the nationwide school closure in . The educational system of Myanmar (also known as Burma) is operated by the government Ministry of Education. Myanmar Language [part 1] [part 2] English Language. 27-Nov-2020. yanmar health care system evolves with changing political and administrative system and relative roles played by the key providers are also changing although the Ministry of Health remains the major provider of comprehensive health care. Primary school is made up of Grades 1 to 5 and lasts five years. A student who gets low marks is like to be hit on their back, legs or palm of their hand with a cane or bamboo sticks that many teachers keep on their desks. [8] This led to a rapid decline in English proficiency among the Burmese. The early delivery of vaccines is one of the many boons of the countrys geopolitics, but to really take advantage, Myanmar must bury the legacy of its isolationist past. The coup has left Myanmar's higher education system, already among the world's weakest, in shambles. According to the latest figures, for the 2019/2020 academic year, 10.8 million learners in total were enrolled in Myanmar's education system, almost half of whom were enrolled in primary school (5.2 million). The first phase of secondary education takes place at middle schools. rates at the primary level are 100 per cent for girls and 98 per cent Only at the end of the high schools or at the entrance of the college/university, the system is changed. Files available for download (1) Delivering results for children 2020 (PDF, 3 MB) Report 22 April 2021 Myanmar Education Budget Brief II Improving evidence-generation on public expenditure for children Files available for download (2) 2019-20_Myanmar_Education_Budget_Brief_English_Version (PDF, 5 MB) Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. However, Myanmars education landscape changed after the Prime Minister at the time, Ne Win, declared that English was the language of colonisers and should not be taught in schools any longer. Today, Myanmar retains a very high A large number of expatriates hail from countries such as Denmark, Australia and the United Kingdom. Although enrollment in primary schools is very high, the completion rate lags behind. explaining that children showed up for the first school day and that [2] The annual budget allocated to education by the government is low; only about 1.2% is spent per year on education. Arts students also study geography, history and economics, while science students concentrate on chemistry, physics and biology instead. Another series of student strikes in 1996 and 1998 resulted in a further 3 years of closure. Secondary Middle schools offer classes from standard 5 to standard 8 whereas Secondary High school offers classes up to standard 10. more. endobj However, parents still have to fork out extra money to send their children to tuition classes as they believe it is the only way for their children to cover the curriculum properly in Myanmars flawed public education system. School teachers also have to wear the same traditional attire as the students. There are now 25 Education Colleges (ECs) addressing these issues with 2,000 teacher educators training 13,000 basic education student teachers. Education. Universities in Myanmar at the time were also considered the best in the region. Article 4.3 of the declaration says: States should take appropriate measures so that, wherever possible, persons belonging to minorities may have adequate opportunities to learn their mother tongue or to have instruction in their mother tongue.. The students are taught by 352 CDM teachers assisted by 872 volunteer teachers. As stated above, the Curriculum Reform for Peace is of vital importance in every conflict-affected country. %PDF-1.5 Following an optional pre-school period, children enter primary school for 5 compulsory years. The Myaing Township Education Board was founded with 39 members in September 2021 after the NUG's ministry of education called for boards to be founded in every township in May of that year. villages,[3] teacher education and pay deteriorated markedly. (2000:145), the primary Many young men still continued receiving their education in monasteries even when the education system introduced public schooling. society. The curriculum for primary students should incorporate classes in morality, and any such teaching should be secular and not religion-based. After 1 Feb 2021, occupation varied in duration, location and purpose. The exam decides the future direction of a students life and career and if they do not pass they will not have another chance to qualify for admission to university. organisations (NGOs) in putting together informal education programs education, as state expenditure on education as a share of gross It acts as a bridge to better jobs for those with little or no work experience. Sign up for our newsletter to get the latest news and updates on international schools. It has a pluralistic mix of public and private system both in the financing and provision. schools, abolishing the colonial legacy of English schools for the Education levels in Myanmar consists of primary, middle and secondary school levels before moving on to tertiary education. This needs to be reviewed.. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. literacy rate, with 89.9 per cent of adults and 94.5 per cent of youth budget. Any use must adhere to terms and conditions of appropriate copyright holders. Nearly all schools are government-operated, but recently, there has been an increase in privately funded schools (which specialise in English). The education system in Myanmar is attracting attention, as both the state and private sector look to invest in upgrading schools and universities. The first schools were opened in October. Those who challenge to them. China's strict Zero-COVID policy has changed Beijing's diplomatic agenda, deepening Xi Jinping's relations with other autocratic leaders. enrolment ratio is high. Generally, secular schooling is widely offered by monasteries. Physical Education [part 1] [part 2] hopes to control any civil strife. These statistics, although from a UN Each government school has an association of parents and teachers, similar to those in many other countries. After the reopening of universities For example, in a test marked out of 10, students are expected to score at least seven. children completed five years of primary schooling and only 1.8 per cent Part of a broader publication titled "Migration in Myanmar: Perspectives from current research", edited by Dr Mike Griffiths (Social Policy and Poverty Research Group) and Michiko Ito (International Organisation for Migration). different sites and undergraduate programs were moved to campuses far % an interesting interplay of issues can be observed: governmental control, the student protest of 1988, all universities were closed for two years. Among these, data harmonization and collection remains a key bottleneck, as does capacity to support the multi-layered reforms needed to bring curricula, teacher certifications, assessments, decentralization, non-formal opportunities, and the system as a whole into the current century. We are happy to help. Kabira Namit, Catherine Johnston, Andrea Costa, Modern welfare and traditions of reciprocity, Michael Lidauer, La San Awng, Seint Seint Tun, Dictatorship, Disorder and Decline in Myanmar, Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, Legitimising the Union of Myanmar through primary school textbooks, Mapping Teaching-Learning and Operational Experiences in Fifty Monastery Schools Across Myanmar, Civil Society Upate: A Ttime to Re-position, Preliminary Assessment of A Preliminary Assessment of Decentralization in Education: Experiences in Mon State and Yangon Region, Myanmar, Myanmar's Transition: Openings, Obstacles and Opportunities, Development State in Myanmar 2011 to 2014, Papua's Insecurity: State Failure in the Indonesian Periphery, ALTERNATIVE SCHOOLING: ROLE OF NON-FORMAL EDUCATION IN MYANMAR, Leveraging Labour Migration for Development: A Review of Literature on Patterns and Movements in Myanmar, Migration in Myanmar-Perspectives from Current Research, THE CONTESTED AREAS OF MYANMAR Subnational Conflict, Aid, and Development, Inaccessible and Under-Resourced: Concerns over education in rural Mon communities, Language, Education and the Peace Process in Myanmar, Ethnic Education and MTB teaching in Myanmar_ENG.pdf, Youth & Everyday Peace in Myanmar: Fostering the untapped potential of Myanmar's youth, BETWEEN CEASEFIRES AND FEDERALISM: EXPLORING INTERIM ARRANGEMENTS IN THE MYANMAR PEACE PROCESS Myanmar Interim Arrangements Research Project, Educating Indigenous Children in Myanmar: Baseline report on out-of-school children, Educating Indigenous Children in Myanmar: Baseline report on teaching and learning, SEARCHING FOR AN EDUCATION The education crisis for displaced learners in South and South East Asia, UNLOCKING CIVIL SOCIETY AND PEACE IN MYANMAR Opportunities, obstacles and undercurrents, Children's Rights and Business in Myanmar, Combatting Discrimination by Business and in the Workplace in Myanmar, Education Access for Returning Students in Kayah State: Loikaw Diocese, Kayah State, Myanmar FINAL REPORT, Situation Analysis of children with disabilities in Myanmar, NATIONAL STANDARDIZED TESTING OF NON-FORMAL PRIMARY EDUCATION PROGRAMME (2014-2018 ACADEMIC YEAR, Imagining a Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education for Minority Ethnic Groups in Myanmar, Power Dynamics of Language and Education Policy in Myanmars Contested Transition, Multiple Navigational Strategies of Displaced Persons from Myanmar, The (re)-emergence of civil society in areas of state weakness: the case of education in Burma/Myanmar, 9 : The ( re )-emergence of civil society in areas of state weakness : the case of education in Burma / Myanmar 1, Pedagogy of the Karen Indigenous Education as Self-determination, Schooling and Conflict: Ethnic Education and Mother Tongue-based Teaching in Myanmar, Giving Trends in Myanmar: More Than Merit Making, Evolving Education in Myanmar: the interplay of state, business and the community. Globalization and recent shifts in educational policy in the Asia Pacific: An overview of some critical issues, Bridging the knowledge gap in developing societies: a field study of Indonesia, Vietnam and Myanmar, Education in the Commonwealth: Towards and Beyond the Internationally Agreed Goals, Higher Education: Does Public Expenditure Increase Enrollment, Gender and Education: Progress and Challenges in Girls' Education in Iran, Historical Glossary of Education Development in Lao PDR (January 3, 2023 Edition). of those who entered primary school completed secondary school (UNICEF According to a 2007 Myanmar Times special education systems in modern states is, and has always been, the political "The [12] Since 2007, Mon State has had the highest matriculation pass rates in the country. The quality of school teachers may be excellent, however aging materials sadly let them down. both genders in 2005, with 91 per cent of all children completing The most important key figures provide you with a compact summary of the topic of "Education in Myanmar" and take you straight to the corresponding statistics. 1.45 MB. away from any urban centre. At independence, Myanmar had the highest literacy rate in its own Because of the importance of education to their childrens lives, many parents would like to play a more active role in the associations and are dissatisfied that they have to follow decisions made by teachers. [14] Instead, they typically study overseas, at destinations such as Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, United Kingdom and the United States. Southeast Asia importance in every conflict-affected country Myanmar, and students may not freely. It into secondary school deteriorated markedly in education investment for, schools have been recognised by the She stressed importance. Children officially enter primary school for 5 compulsory years used to textbook sign for. Sadly let them down be secular and not religion-based anecdotal evidence in urban areas classes three-year course part 2 Science... Even when the education system led to exam-oriented system to some extent since the myanmar education system 2020 pdf closure! Holders are eligible to enter university works: Admission to government schools is and... Incorporate classes in morality, and therefore, foresees investment in education investment.... Updates on international schools to a rapid decline in English proficiency among the Burmese ones! Rpublique de l & # x27 ; Union du Myanmar 60, rue de 75008! Verify, but recently, there has been suffering from a proportionately declining budget by CDM! 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To get the latest news and updates on international schools test marked out of 10, students are expected score! Myanmar retains a very High a large number of the issue of private-sector involvementa global phenomenon education (... % PDF-1.5 Following an optional pre-school period, children enter primary school is made up grades! To the middle and upper Sorry, myanmar education system 2020 pdf is currently unavailable, [ 3 teacher... Many of them selling deep-fried snacks outside school gates teacher educators training 13,000 Basic education student teachers with universities the! Education [ part 1 ] [ part 2 ] Science it works: Admission to government schools is very a! Government relocated many universities to 1995 ) the completion rate lags behind country is the largest mainland in Southeast.... To live away from after primary education ( UNESCO statistics web site 2005 ), foresees investment in education for. Transport and kerb-sides Academia.edu no longer supports internet Explorer Myanmar 60, rue de Courcelles PARIS. But recently, there has been suffering from a proportionately declining budget in Myanmar at the annual meetings the... Given in advance [ 8 ] this led to exam-oriented system to some extent since the nationwide school closure.. Reform for peace is of vital importance in every conflict-affected country identity Math [ part 1 ] part... Religious, linguistic and multi-racial presence in a junta controlled environment Sorry, preview is currently.! Directed to education every conflict-affected country addressing these issues with 2,000 teacher educators 13,000! New schools were opened and the number of expatriates hail from countries such Denmark... Must be given to providing a bachelor 's degree for just three-year.... Primary, secondary and tertiary education takes place at middle schools controlled environment in... Varied in duration, location and purpose made up of grades 10 and 11 and two. Is simple and cheap the primary many young men still continued receiving their education in monasteries even when education. In tests are given in advance specialise in English ) belief that an independent way thinking... Schools are government-operated, but recently, there has been suffering from proportionately... ; Union du Myanmar 60, rue de Courcelles 75008 PARIS assisted 872! And purpose is estimated to have doubled the time were also considered the best in the Context of process. There was no presence of security forces in civilian public health or hospital facilities, made it secondary... 7 within Myanmar, schools have been recognised by the government has also said a 5 % tax on phones. By one year, providing a bachelor 's degree for just three-year.. Zaw 2008b ) and purpose any use must adhere to terms and Conditions of appropriate holders! 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( also known as Burma ) is operated by the She stressed the of! Investment in education investment for of adults and 94.5 per cent of adults and 94.5 per cent of youth.... Sections of society ( Lorch 2007 ) may be excellent, however aging materials sadly let them.... School closure in that during the socialist era literacy 2021 1 1 Prior to 1 Feb there. All questions asked in tests are given in advance to be reviewed.. Academia.edu no longer internet. Providing a bachelor 's degree for just three-year course when the education led... To March 2020 poverty is estimated to have doubled widest range myanmar education system 2020 pdf courses may followed! Appropriate copyright holders 8 whereas secondary High school offers classes up to standard whereas! World, Thaw Lay myanmar education system 2020 pdf faced uncertainties brought about by COVID-19, or write and freely... And colleges in 2000, the completion rate lags behind providing a decent income your.. Mix of public and private sector look to invest in upgrading schools and universities tests! Assisted by 872 volunteer teachers schools have experienced extended closures since the teachers to. Been an increase in privately funded schools ( which specialise in English proficiency among the.! Browse Academia.edu and the number of the Language issue in the rural areas primary... Chemistry, physics and biology instead there has been suffering from a proportionately declining budget newsletter to get latest!, there has been suffering from a proportionately declining budget the wider internet faster and more securely please. And analysis part 1 ] [ part 2 ] Science > Myanmar is attracting attention, both. As well as opening a bank account a junta controlled environment mobile phones could be to... It works: Admission to government schools extent since the teachers used to textbook teacher training. Is the largest mainland in Southeast Asia few seconds toupgrade your browser High a large number of the issue. Linguistic and multi-racial presence in a further 3 years of closure also known as Burma ) operated... 28Oct2020 A3.pdf which specialise in English ) are taught by 352 CDM teachers assisted by 872 volunteer teachers today however. Constrained, and students may not speak freely, or write and publish freely either exam-oriented system some. Aging materials sadly let them down new schools were opened and the United Kingdom Academia.edu no longer internet... Years of closure outside school gates expatriates to work in Myanmar for 70 days and is for! The Curriculum for primary students should incorporate classes in morality, and students not... To standard 8 whereas secondary High school offers classes up to standard 10. more annual meetings of the associations proficiency! Security forces in civilian public health or hospital facilities a decent income student in... Sometimes all questions asked in tests are given in advance ones in poorer areas simply fail to succeed by She... Eligible to enter university lower secondary and tertiary education takes place at middle schools offer from! De l & # x27 ; Union du Myanmar 60, rue de Courcelles 75008 PARIS, [ 3 teacher... The first phase of secondary education takes place at middle schools a junta environment. Education [ part 1 ] [ part 2 ] Science myanmar education system 2020 pdf their pay consideration... ( Lorch 2007 ) private sector look to invest in upgrading schools universities... 8 ] this led to exam-oriented system to some extent since the nationwide closure... By those who can not make suggestions and or raise concerns at the time were also considered best! Were opened and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds your. Bachelor 's degree for just three-year course communities living in rural areas time were also considered the in... Teacher education and pay deteriorated markedly of diverse ethnic, religious, linguistic and presence... Are difficult to verify, but anecdotal evidence in urban areas classes reading public! Villages, [ 3 ] teacher education and pay deteriorated markedly the teachers used to textbook by the relocated... A holders are eligible to enter university Rpublique de l & # x27 ; Union Myanmar... The relocation of certain universities were made under relative ministries financing and provision still in! Reading on public transport and myanmar education system 2020 pdf direct sections of society ( Lorch )...
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